Adverse childhood experiences, also known as ACEs, are adverse (negative and impactful) experiences that occur during formative childhood years. These include single traumatic events and ongoing traumatic experiences like abuse.

Parenting is hard work. Co-parenting can be even more daunting. Co-parenting with someone who has a full-blown personality disorder is extremely challenging. They are often inflexible, defensive, and manage the situation in unhealthy ways, it may feel near impossible at times.